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O que (quem) é ionized atom - definição
![plasma lamp]], illustrating a low degree of ionization (i.e. a partially ionized gas)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plasma-lamp 2.jpg?width=200 "plasma lamp]], illustrating a low degree of ionization (i.e. a partially ionized gas)")
![hydrogen-like]] atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase ('''g''' orbitals and higher are not shown)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Atomic-orbital-clouds spdf m0.png?width=200 "hydrogen-like]] atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase ('''g''' orbitals and higher are not shown)")
![These electron's energy levels (not to scale) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to [[cadmium]] (5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup>) inclusively. Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Atomic orbital energy levels.svg?width=200 "These electron's energy levels (not to scale) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to [[cadmium]] (5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup>) inclusively. Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state.")
![100]]) surface. The surface atoms deviate from the bulk [[crystal structure]] and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them (See [[surface reconstruction]]).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Atomic resolution Au100.JPG?width=200 "100]]) surface. The surface atoms deviate from the bulk [[crystal structure]] and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them (See [[surface reconstruction]]).")
![The [[binding energy]] needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus, for various isotopes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg?width=200 "The [[binding energy]] needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus, for various isotopes")
![Graphic illustrating the formation of a [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bose Einstein condensate.png?width=200 "Graphic illustrating the formation of a [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]")
![Atoms and molecules as depicted in [[John Dalton]]'s ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' vol. 1 (1808)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Daltons symbols.gif?width=200 "Atoms and molecules as depicted in [[John Dalton]]'s ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' vol. 1 (1808)")
![The [[Geiger–Marsden experiment]]:<br /> ''Left:'' Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection.<br /> ''Right:'' Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result.svg?width=200 "The [[Geiger–Marsden experiment]]:<br /> ''Left:'' Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection.<br /> ''Right:'' Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus.")
![Periodic table showing the origin of each element. Elements from carbon up to sulfur may be made in small stars by the [[alpha process]]. Elements beyond iron are made in large stars with slow neutron capture ([[s-process]]). Elements heavier than iron may be made in neutron star mergers or supernovae after the [[r-process]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleosynthesis periodic table.svg?width=200 "Periodic table showing the origin of each element. Elements from carbon up to sulfur may be made in small stars by the [[alpha process]]. Elements beyond iron are made in large stars with slow neutron capture ([[s-process]]). Elements heavier than iron may be made in neutron star mergers or supernovae after the [[r-process]].")
![A potential well, showing, according to [[classical mechanics]], the minimum energy ''V''(''x'') needed to reach each position ''x''. Classically, a particle with energy ''E'' is constrained to a range of positions between ''x''<sub>1</sub> and ''x''<sub>2</sub>.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Potential energy well.svg?width=200 "A potential well, showing, according to [[classical mechanics]], the minimum energy ''V''(''x'') needed to reach each position ''x''. Classically, a particle with energy ''E'' is constrained to a range of positions between ''x''<sub>1</sub> and ''x''<sub>2</sub>.")
![Illustration of a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus, consisting of a proton and a neutron, from two protons. A [[positron]] (e<sup>+</sup>)—an [[antimatter]] electron—is emitted along with an electron [[neutrino]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wpdms physics proton proton chain 1.svg?width=200 "Illustration of a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus, consisting of a proton and a neutron, from two protons. A [[positron]] (e<sup>+</sup>)—an [[antimatter]] electron—is emitted along with an electron [[neutrino]].")
Wikipédia
The degree of ionization (also known as ionization yield in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous solution, that are ionized. For electrolytes, it could be understood as a capacity of acid/base to ionize itself. A low degree of ionization is sometimes called partially ionized (also weakly ionized), and a high degree of ionization as fully ionized. However, fully ionized can also mean that an ion has no electrons left.
Ionization refers to the process whereby an atom or molecule loses one or several electrons from its atomic orbital, or conversely gains an additional one, from an incoming free electron (electron attachment). In both cases, the atom or molecule ceases to be a neutral particle and becomes a charge carrier. If the species has lost one or several electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a positive ion, or cation. On the contrary, if the species has gained one or several additional electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called a negative ion, or anion. Individual free electrons and ions in a plasma have very short lives typically inferior to the microsecond, as ionization and recombination, excitation and relaxation are collective continuous processes.
